Concept 22 DNA words are three letters long.

Links

The American Scientist

Appearing in the January 1998 issue, the article The Invention of the Genetic Code reviews the main lines of thought leading up to the genetic code theory.

The Protein Machine

This program from the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI) is a translation program that starts with a DNA sequence. You can input your own sequence or choose one from the databanks. The program also tests different reading frames and color-codes the protein product.

Bibliography

• Alberts, Bruce et al., 1983, Molecular Biology of the Cell, Garland Publishing Inc., New York.
• Borek, Ernest, 1965, The Code of Life, Columbia University Press, New York.
• Dunn, L.C., 1991, A Short History of Genetics: The Development of Some of the Main Lines of Thought: 1864-1939, Iowa State University Press, Ames.
• Griffiths, Anthony, et al., 1996, An Introduction to Genetic Analysis, W. H. Freeman and Company, New York.
• Hoagland, Mahlon, and Dodson, Bert, 1998, The Way Life Works, Random House Inc., New York.
• Hoagland, Mahlon, 1990, Towards the Habit of Truth: A Life in Science, W. W. Norton & Company, New York.
• Judson, Horace Freeland, 1979, The Eighth Day of Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Biology, Simon and Schuster, New York.
• Lagerkvist, Ulf, 1998, DNA Pioneers and Their Legacy, Yale University Press, New Haven.
• Lundardini, Rosemary, 1993, DNA Drama, Dartmouth Medicine, 18, No. 1, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire.
• Micklos, David A., and Freyer, G., 1990, DNA Science: A First Course in Recombinant DNA Technology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York.
• Rosenfield, Israel, Ziff, Edward, and Van Loon, Borin, 1983, DNA for Beginners, Writers and Readers Publishing, Inc.
• Taylor, J. Herbert, 1965, Selected Papers on Molecular Genetics, Academic Press, New York.
• Watson, James D., Gilman, Michael, Witkowski, Jan, Zoller, Mark, 1982, Recombinant DNA, 2nd edition, W. H. Freeman and Company, New York.
• Woese, Carl R., 1967, The Genetic Code: The Molecular Basis for Genetic Expression, Harper & Row, New York.